“Bessie Smith.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 2 Mar. 2020, www.biography.com/musician/bessie-smith.
“W.C. Handy.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 28 July 2020, www.biography.com/musician/wc-handy.
“Tracy Chapman.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 20 Sept. 2019, www.biography.com/musician/tracy-chapman.
African American Music: an Introduction – 2nd Ed. Routledge, 2006.